Gynaecology, by video or in person
Abnormal Smear and Cervical Precancer (CIN)
The signs, the danger signs that mean hospital now, and how to see a doctor by video from anywhere in Nigeria.
Signs to look for
Abnormal Smear and Cervical Precancer (CIN)
- Usually no symptoms at all: precancer is found by screening
- An abnormal smear or Pap test report
- A positive HPV test, with or without abnormal cells
- Abnormal cells seen at visual inspection (VIA) at a screening clinic
- Bleeding after sex or between periods, which needs checking whatever your last result
An abnormal smear or a positive HPV test means changes have been found in the cells of the cervix, the neck of the womb. It is not a diagnosis of cancer. Most changes are caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), a very common infection passed on through sex, and many clear by themselves as the body fights the virus. Some changes, called cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) or precancer, can turn into cervical cancer over many years if they are left. Finding and treating them is exactly how screening prevents cervical cancer. The next step is usually a colposcopy, a closer look at the cervix, and if needed a small procedure to remove the abnormal area.
Medically reviewed by Dr Debo Odulana, Founder and Chief Executive, Mezo. Last reviewed . This page is general information, not a diagnosis. Care is decided with you after an examination.
Symptoms
- Usually no symptoms at all: precancer is found by screening
- An abnormal smear or Pap test report
- A positive HPV test, with or without abnormal cells
- Abnormal cells seen at visual inspection (VIA) at a screening clinic
- Bleeding after sex or between periods, which needs checking whatever your last result
When to See a Doctor
Go to a hospital now for heavy vaginal bleeding with clots, or bleeding with dizziness or fainting. See a gynaecologist soon after an abnormal smear or a positive HPV test, and promptly for bleeding after sex, between periods or after the menopause, or a smelly discharge that does not clear. A video consultation can explain your result and plan the next step, and the colposcopy itself is done in person.
Treatment options
- Repeat smear or HPV test in a year for mild changes, which often clear by themselves
- Colposcopy to look closely at the cervix, sometimes with a small biopsy
- LLETZ (LEEP) under local anaesthetic to remove the abnormal area
- Cone biopsy under general anaesthetic for larger or glandular changes
- Cryotherapy or thermal ablation to destroy the abnormal cells, in some clinics
- A follow-up smear or HPV test about six months after treatment
What it costs on Mezo
Starting cash prices for the treatments used for this condition.
Common Questions
Does an abnormal smear mean I have cancer?
Almost always no. Most abnormal results are early cell changes. Treating them now stops them from ever becoming cancer.
Does a positive HPV test mean my partner was unfaithful?
No. HPV is extremely common and can stay silent for many years, so a positive test today says nothing about when or from whom it came.
Will treatment affect my fertility?
Treatment does not stop you getting pregnant. A larger treatment can slightly raise the chance of an early birth, so tell your antenatal team you have had it.
Need Help?
A women's health specialist on a video call, who plans the tests and treatment and says when you need to be examined in person.
See a gynaecologist by videoIf any of the danger signs on this page applies, go to the nearest hospital now instead.
Find a verified gynaecology specialist near you.
Gynaecology in Lagos →Gynaecology in Abuja →Gynaecology in Port Harcourt →Gynaecology in Jos →Gynaecology in Ibadan →Sources and further reading
The guidelines and patient information this page is checked against. Care in Nigeria follows the same evidence; what differs is the price and where it is done.
- Colposcopy. NHS. Patient information.
Links last checked 3 November 2026.
Medical Disclaimer: This information is for educational purposes only and does not replace professional medical advice. Always consult a qualified healthcare provider for diagnosis and treatment.