Menopause
Menopause is when periods stop for good because the ovaries stop releasing eggs and oestrogen levels fall. It is confirmed after 12 months without a period, and for most women it happens in the late forties or early fifties. The years leading up to it, the perimenopause, can bring irregular periods and symptoms that affect sleep, mood and work. Menopause is a natural stage, not an illness, but its symptoms are treatable, and it is a good time to review bone health, heart health and cancer screening.
Find a Gynaecology SpecialistMedically reviewed by Dr Debo Odulana, Founder and Chief Executive, Mezo. Last reviewed . This page is general information, not a diagnosis. Care is decided with you after an examination.
Symptoms
- Irregular periods, then periods stopping
- Hot flushes and night sweats
- Poor sleep
- Mood changes, low mood or anxiety
- Vaginal dryness and pain during sex
- Needing to pass urine more often, or urine infections
- Joint aches and reduced interest in sex
When to See a Doctor
See a gynaecologist if menopausal symptoms are affecting your sleep, work or relationships, or if your periods stop before 40, which needs assessment. See a doctor promptly for any vaginal bleeding after 12 months without a period, for very heavy or very frequent bleeding during perimenopause, or for bleeding after sex. Bleeding after menopause must always be checked to rule out cancer of the womb.
Treatment options
- Lifestyle measures: regular exercise, less alcohol and caffeine, keeping cool at night
- Hormone replacement therapy (HRT), after a discussion of benefits and risks
- Vaginal oestrogen or moisturisers for dryness
- Non-hormonal medicines for hot flushes where HRT is not suitable
- Calcium, vitamin D and weight-bearing exercise for bone health
- Blood pressure, diabetes, breast and cervical screening
Common Questions
Is hormone replacement therapy safe?
For most healthy women under 60, or within ten years of menopause, the benefits of HRT for symptoms usually outweigh the risks. It is not suitable for everyone, for example some women with a history of breast cancer, blood clots or stroke, so the decision is made with a doctor.
Can I still get pregnant around menopause?
Yes, until you have gone 12 months without a period after age 50, or two years if you are under 50. Contraception is advised until then.
Is bleeding after menopause normal?
No. Any bleeding after periods have stopped for a year should be checked promptly with an ultrasound and sometimes a biopsy. Usually the cause is benign, but it can be an early sign of womb cancer.
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